Art Of Great Speaking

To speak  with confidence in public speaking it is important to be thoroughly prepared. In this series on speech preparation I have covered finding out how to benefit your listeners and researching your topic. The next step is to select the type of speech you are going to deliver. There are four types of speeches – informative, persuasive, inspirational and after dinner speech.

In my previous post I discussed the information speech. In this post I show how to persuade and inspire your audience.

To persuade
When you have to persuade people to do something which they may not want to do, or who are not certain what action they should take, you have to remember that most of us react more to sincerity than to blud¬geoning. You may be able to persuade by a purely factual appeal, but that is doubtful. These points should be remembered:
(a) Don’t only appeal to reason. Remember thatost of us can also be persuaded via our emotions.
(b)    When presenting facts, make sure that they are accurate.
(c)    Build up your case as a lawyer works out his brief. Think out every logical argument, and then try them out on someone before the speech.
(d)    Prove something. Prove that, as A happened once, B is bound to happen now because you are asking them to take the same course as
applied when A happened.
(e)    All your reasoning must be based on benefits to the listeners if they are to be persuaded to take the line of action that you advocate.
(f) Bring out as much evidence as you can. For example, if you are talking about cruelty to animals caused by traps, give evidence by eminent authorities on the suffering that these things bring to animals.
(g) Give the opinions of others. If you are trying to persuade people to vote for prison reform, give the opinions of prison wardens, psychia¬trists, members of Congress, visiting authori¬ties—anyone or any group of people who have expressed opinions favorable to your own case.
Inspire
This is the easiest kind of speech of all, because only when someone is really inspired by his subject will he attempt to inspire others. Do remember, however:
(a) The inspiration of a speech will last only as long as the speech lasts, unless some points or facts are brought out which the audience can remember. If you want to inspire members of a community to work for Civil Defense, for example, your inspirational appeal to their loyalty, or your reference to those who fought and died for us, will hold the audience, but they may not take action subsequently. Dur¬ing the speech you must coldly tell them why, for their own good, they should do something about Civil Defense, and ally your inspirational talk to this.
(b)    You cannot be inspired or give inspiration unless you feel strongly about a subject.
(c)    Keep your speech short. None of us can be inspired for much longer than fifteen minutes.

If you can’t speak with confidence and have not mastered your subject you will not be able to speak to inspire or persuade. Being properly prepared will give you the confidence to speak convincingly.  You must also be convinced that the reason you speak is worthwhile otherwise it is difficult to get your point across and the audience to take action.

An effective speaker thoroughly prepares for each time they speak, so they can speak with confidence because they know their audience, their subject and the speech is benefits their listeners.

After they have researched the audience and their subject they  consider the type of speech they are going to make. Are they going to:

(a)    impart information;
(b)    persuade;
(c)    inspire;
(d)    make an after-dinner speech which might well incorporate all three, or perhaps just be something in a lighter vein ?

The above, in the main, covers the majority of speeches.

Impart information
This comes very close to a lecture. However, many speakers do have to impart information so that listeners can form their own judgments. For example, a shop steward talking to the men in his union about the new rates is imparting information. A sales mana¬ger at a conference imparts information. A technician, talking about the technical aspects of his work, imparts information . . .
In a speech of this kind, some important points must be remembered.

(a) Don’t try to cram years of experience into twenty minutes. Preferably, take one aspect of your subject and deal with that thoroughly.
(b) You must be ruthless, and cut and cut. We often elaborate merely to show how able we are. Keep to your time-table, and leave the audience wanting more information. Better that than that the speech should fail because the audience has heard everything and under¬stood nothing.
(c)    Don’t talk over the heads of the audience to prove your ability. Only deal with intricate technicalities if the audience understands
them.
I once heard a speaker talking in public on aero¬dynamics and not half a dozen people in the audience knew what he was talking about. He could have sim¬plified matters considerably and cut out many words which only experts understand, or he could have re¬fused to speak to an audience not made up of aero¬dynamic engineers.
(d)    An effective speaker makes every point clear. If you feel that you have not done so, you can repeat a part of your speech, but word it differently.
(e)    However involved their subject may be, an effective speaker is not as dry as dust. They make their speech interesting. Anecdotes can be told to liven up the most difficult of subjects.
(ƒ) An effect speaker will summarize their main points both during the speech and at the end of the speech.

An effective speaker is able to speak with confidence when imparting information because they are delivering the speech for the benefit of the audience, not to impress them with their knowledge. They are providing worthwhile content.

In my next posts I will cover further the next 3 types of speeches.

To be able to speak with confidence in public speaking is much easier when you know your subject and can give the audience what they want. This knowledge comes from;

1.From your own experiences

2. Researching other sources such as newspapers, the internet etc.

3. Asking questtions

Audiences like to hear stories about themselves. They also like to hear their own names mentioned.

In the new building for a golf club example introduced in part 1 you could;-

Ask the members about their experiences in raising money to support the club’s activities. Ask the grounds­man to tell you some stories about how the ground was developed. Try to find stories of determination which have resulted in the building being built in spite of difficulties.

After this work has been completed you will have dozens of facts around which you can build your speech.

Now prune. Discard all those facts which you find you can do without — duplicate stories — historical facts which are of little interest to the audience; these must be abandoned to enhance the value of the one histori­cal fact that is worth talking about. Remember now, you are planning your speech step by step, and if you keep to the steps you can’t go wrong.

So far, therefore, you have learned that a speech is an accumulation of facts, either thought out for your­self or found out from others. Having obtained this information, you have the framework of your speech.

You now have a good foundation to build your speech on. One of the keys to enable a speaker to speak with confidence is having this knowledge of the audience. The confidence to prepare and deliver an effective speech is based upon understanding the topic and the wants of your audience.

Your personal experiences primarily are your foremost source of speech material; those things that happened to you and around you in the course of your lifetime furnish a storehouse of material. You have talked about these incidents and now you extend those conversations to a larger audience.

Another source of material is the written word. The effective public speaker broadens his understanding by extensive reading. He keeps his storehouse from becoming lopsided by digesting editorials, news columns, sports pages, and even the comic strips. By reading, he can mull over the material and what he reads has more time to register than the things he hears. A further source of material covers the broad field of luncheon meetings, dinners, banquets, the theatre, concerts, lectures, and regular radio and TV pro¬grams covering current events.

The outcome of any or all of these is your own analytical and imaginative thinking in reviewing the experiences you have had and the things you have read, heard and seen.

In my previous post on effective speech building I gave the example of the golf club= to follow on that example your research phrase for the golf club could cover:

Can you dig up some little-known historical fact about the club? It isn’t always a good thing to give past history, but on this occasion all the listeners will want to hear how the club achieved success. When was the old clubhouse first built? How was it built? Did the members of the club put it up with their own hands?
Visit the offices of the local newspaper. Ask to be allowed to look through the back files. You may well be able to impart some information to the audience which may not be known even by the oldest inhabitant.

My next post will cover the asking questions step.

You have been asked to speak. You like the subject and can help the audience. To build your speech effectively the first three steps for you to take are:

1.    Think about it for several days.
2.    Research.
3.    Ask questions.

Think about it for several days (but not too many days)

Your personal experiences primarily are your foremost source of speech material; those things that happened to you and around you in the course of your lifetime furnish a storehouse of material. You have talked about these in¬cidents and now you can extend those conversations to a larger audience.

By simply thinking around a subject for several days, ideas will come to you which you will never find in a book. Let us take a simple example:

Although you have only lived in your district for a few years, you have won respect during that time, and have been invited to give the first speech at the open¬ing of the golf club’s new building.

First you have to think about it. What was the first tournament you saw? Did anything happen then which might be of interest to anyone? Can you call to mind some unexpected event which took place while the building was being built? Who has played the largest part in the success of the venture? Can you tell about his drive and energy?

Don’t think about what other people have told you at this stage. Just use your own knowledge of the club, the players, and how the clubhouse was built. Keep your notebook handy, and jot down all the interesting points as you think of them.

It is important to effective public speaking that you can speak confidently about your subject. Your personal experiences help immensely in this area because you know these and will have spoken about them previously in private conversation. You are merely expanding the conversation to a larger audience.

Steps 2 and 3 will be covered in my next posts on building a speech step by step